Thermodynamics handwritten notes for BSc 2 ND year students.
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Q. What is thermodynamics?
The study of the flow of heat or any other form of energy into or out of a system as it undergoes a physical or chemical transformation is called thermodynamics.
Thermodynamics is mainly based upon 4 laws which are called laws of thermodynamics
- Zeroth law of thermodynamics
- The first law of thermodynamics
- Second law of thermodynamics
- The third law of thermodynamics
Scope of thermodynamics- Most of the important laws of physical chemistry, including the Vant' Hoff law of lowering vapor pressure, the phase rule, and the distribution law can be derived from the laws of thermodynamics.
- It tells us whether a particular physical or chemical change can occur under a given set of conditions of temperature, pressure, and concentration.
- It also helps in predicting how far a physical or chemical change can proceed until the equilibrium conditions are established.
Limitations of thermodynamics-- Thermodynamics is applicable to macroscopic systems not to microscopic systems of individual atoms or molecules. It does not take into account the internal structure of atoms and molecules.
- Thermodynamics is not bothered about the time factor. That is it does not tell anything regarding the rate of physical change or a chemical reaction. It is only concerned with the initial and the final states of the system.
- Most of the important laws of physical chemistry, including the Vant' Hoff law of lowering vapor pressure, the phase rule, and the distribution law can be derived from the laws of thermodynamics.
- It tells us whether a particular physical or chemical change can occur under a given set of conditions of temperature, pressure, and concentration.
- It also helps in predicting how far a physical or chemical change can proceed until the equilibrium conditions are established.
Limitations of thermodynamics-
- Thermodynamics is applicable to macroscopic systems not to microscopic systems of individual atoms or molecules. It does not take into account the internal structure of atoms and molecules.
- Thermodynamics is not bothered about the time factor. That is it does not tell anything regarding the rate of physical change or a chemical reaction. It is only concerned with the initial and the final states of the system.
